Going from Urdu to Turkmen (Tรผrkmen) has a composite linguistic distance of 90% (heuristic estimate). Below is the dimension-by-dimension breakdown.
Shared vocabulary, cognates, and loanwords.
Morphology, syntax, word order, cases.
Shared sounds and phoneme inventory.
Arabic โ Latin
Indo-European โ Turkic
The 5 languages with the lowest linguistic distance from Urdu:
A quick 3-question check between Urdu and Turkmen. No signup.